Modafinils

Modafinils
	; Modafinila struktūrformulas
Citi nosaukumi	2-[(Difenilmetil) sulfinil]acetamīds, Provigil, Modavigil, Modalert, Modapro, Alertex
Ķīmiskā formula	C16H15NO2S
Molmasa	273,35 g/mol

Modafinils (zināms arī kā Provigil, Modavigil un Modalert) ir stimulējošs līdzeklis, ko medicīnā izmanto narkolepsijas un citu ar miegainību saistītu traucējumu ārstēšanai.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] To pirmoreiz licenzēja izplatīšanai Francijā 1994. gadā, ASV — 1998. gadā, Lielbritānijā — 2002. gadā. Mūsdienās tas ir pieejams lielā daļā pasaules valstu.

Pārskats

Ārpus medicīniskā pielietojuma modafinils ir labi pazīstams nootropais līdzeklis, ko izmanto kognitīvo spēju paaugstināšanai, kā arī pret nogurumu, piemēram, veicot ilgstošu maiņu darbu. Atšķirībā no citiem stimulantiem, tai skaitā kofeīna, modafinils būtiski neietekmē garastāvokli un neizraisa abstinences sindromu un toleranci, līdz ar to tam nav narkotisku īpašību.^[5]^[6]

Precīzs modafinila iedarbības mehānisms nav zināms, bet ir noskaidrots, ka tas darbojas kā vājš un selektīvs atipiskais dofamīna atpakaļsaistīšanās inhibitors,^[7] kā arī tas pastiprina histamīna līmeni hipotalāmā.^[8]

Kopš 2004. gada Pasaules antidopinga aģentūra aizliegusi modafinila izmantošanu sportā, uzskatot to par dopingu.

Skatīt arī

Atsauces

↑ «FDA Approved Labeling Text for Provigil» (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. January 2015. Skatīts: 2015. gada 18. jūlijs. (angliski)
↑ "Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report". Sleep 30 (11): 1445–59. Nov 2007. PMC 2082098. PMID 18041479. (angliski)
↑ "Circadian rhythm abnormalities". Continuum 19 (1 Sleep Disorders): 132–47. Feb 2013. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000427209.21177.aa. PMC 3654533. PMID 23385698. (angliski)
↑ "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (11): 1865–81. Nov 2015. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811. (angliski)
↑ Case reports:
• "A rare case modafinil dependence". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 6 (1): 49–50. March 2015. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.149149. PMC 4319252. PMID 25709356. (angliski)
• "Dependence on supratherapeutic doses of modafinil: a case report". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 14 (5). 2012. doi:10.4088/PCC.11l01333. PMC 3583757. PMID 23469316. (angliski)
↑ "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics 9 (4): 739–52. Oct 2012. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655. "Because of the relatively low risk of addiction, modafinil can be more easily prescribed in patients without a clear, biochemically defined central hypersomnia syndrome, and is also easier to stop, if needed. It is also a schedule IV compound." (angliski)
↑ "Modafinil as a catecholaminergic agent: empirical evidence and unanswered questions". Frontiers in Neurology 4: 139. 2013. doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00139. PMID 24109471. (angliski)
↑ Ishizuka, Tomoko; Murakami, Masahiro; Yamatodani, Atsushi (2008). "Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology 578 (2-3): 209–215. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.009. ISSN 0014-2999. PMID 17920581. (angliski)

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[fda_label-1] «FDA Approved Labeling Text for Provigil» (PDF). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. January 2015. Skatīts: 2015. gada 18. jūlijs. (angliski)

[SleepAcademy2007-2] "Practice parameters for the clinical evaluation and treatment of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine report". Sleep 30 (11): 1445–59. Nov 2007. PMC 2082098. PMID 18041479. (angliski)

[pmid23385698-3] "Circadian rhythm abnormalities". Continuum 19 (1 Sleep Disorders): 132–47. Feb 2013. doi:10.1212/01.CON.0000427209.21177.aa. PMC 3654533. PMID 23385698. (angliski)

[2015MetaRev-4] "Modafinil for cognitive neuroenhancement in healthy non-sleep-deprived subjects: A systematic review". European Neuropsychopharmacology 25 (11): 1865–81. Nov 2015. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.07.028. PMID 26381811. (angliski)

[Withdrawal_case_reports-5] Case reports:
• "A rare case modafinil dependence". Journal of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics 6 (1): 49–50. March 2015. doi:10.4103/0976-500X.149149. PMC 4319252. PMID 25709356. (angliski)
• "Dependence on supratherapeutic doses of modafinil: a case report". The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 14 (5). 2012. doi:10.4088/PCC.11l01333. PMC 3583757. PMID 23469316. (angliski)

[Addiction_liability_review-6] "A practical guide to the therapy of narcolepsy and hypersomnia syndromes". Neurotherapeutics 9 (4): 739–52. Oct 2012. doi:10.1007/s13311-012-0150-9. PMC 3480574. PMID 23065655. "Because of the relatively low risk of addiction, modafinil can be more easily prescribed in patients without a clear, biochemically defined central hypersomnia syndrome, and is also easier to stop, if needed. It is also a schedule IV compound." (angliski)

[Wisor2013-7] "Modafinil as a catecholaminergic agent: empirical evidence and unanswered questions". Frontiers in Neurology 4: 139. 2013. doi:10.3389/fneur.2013.00139. PMID 24109471. (angliski)

[IshizukaMurakami2008-8] Ishizuka, Tomoko; Murakami, Masahiro; Yamatodani, Atsushi (2008). "Involvement of central histaminergic systems in modafinil-induced but not methylphenidate-induced increases in locomotor activity in rats". European Journal of Pharmacology 578 (2-3): 209–215. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.09.009. ISSN 0014-2999. PMID 17920581. (angliski)

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